EU dealers added €38bn of Level 3 assets in 2023
Groupe BPCE, DZ Bank led accumulation of mark-to-model instruments
Top European Union banks grew mark-to-model assets by 12.8% in 2023, led by Groupe BPCE and DZ Bank.
Assets classified as Level 3 under the IFRS fair-value hierarchy – where no market price inputs are available, and values rely entirely on models – ballooned €38.2 billion ($42.7 billion) across 32 EU banks, reaching a total of €331.9 billion.
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