Longevity Risk (2nd Edition)
First published:
ISBN: 9781782723882
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The Dutch Pensions and Longevity Insurance Market
Ruud van Doorn and Chris Madsen
Foreword
Introduction
Ageing Populations and Changing Demographics
Determinants of Changes in Life Expectancy
Magnitude of the Longevity Issue
Pricing Longevity Risk: Establishing the Base Mortality Level
An Introduction to Credibility Theory
Projecting Future Mortality
Modelling Longevity Risk under a One-Year VaR Framework
Risk Transfer for Pension Schemes
De-Risking Insured Annuity Portfolios
Hedging Longevity Risk through Reinsurance
Commercial Aspects of Longevity Reinsurance
Extreme Mortality Risk as a Natural Hedge?
Capital Markets and Longevity Risk Transfer
Longevity Indices
Longevity Policy Committee
Legal Considerations and Challenges in Longevity Risk Transactions
Pensions and Longevity in the US
Canadian Pensioner Longevity Risk
The Dutch Pensions and Longevity Insurance Market
In the Netherlands the pension system consists of three pillars: the state pension; a supplementary occupational pension; and private individual pension products, similar to many other developed countries.
Figure 19.1 shows the composition of retirement income for an average retiree in the Netherlands, and it can be seen that state pension forms the largest proportion. The state pension provides a uniform pension at a level related to the minimum wage in the Netherlands. The accrual of this state pension is based only on the duration of residence in the country, although the ability exists for expats to purchase state pension benefits missed while living abroad.
Furthermore, the state pension is unfunded and financed on a “pay-as-you-go” basis: this means that today’s contributors finance the state pension payments made to the retirees of today; there is no requirement to have paid in any contribution in order to be eligible to receive the full state pension at the state pension age. In other words, “pay-as-you-go” is in stark contrast to funded initiatives, where funds are set aside for future use. In a pay-as-you-go system, the payments into the system are used to pay for
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