Introduction

Sam Wilkin

Since the start of the 1990s, it appeared that country risk for global financial institutions was, generally speaking, well managed. Country risk was largely an emerging markets phenomenon. Although the Asian financial crisis and Russian debt default caused global tremors, and the latter provoked an intervention from the US Federal Reserve regarding systemic risk, neither seemed to pose existential threats to most major global banks. Partly as a result, many bank country risk departments – including the large research teams that produced country risk reports, for instance at Bank of America – were reduced in size or importance.

After 2007, everything changed. Country risk gripped the advanced economies with the global financial crisis and then, eventually, Greek sovereign default. Crises erupted in countries believed – indeed, specified by regulation – to be risk-free. Collapsing banks threatened the creditworthiness of sovereigns; collapsing sovereigns threatened the creditworthiness of banks. Global systemic crises, involving a sudden stop in short-term bank funding, were narrowly averted.

A NEW ERA IN COUNTRY RISK

The first edition of this volume, published in 2004

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