Hedging
Maximum draw-down and directional trading
Maximum draw-down measures the worst drop in a market in a given time period. Jan Vecer shows how to price and replicate this event. Replication can be naturally linked to existing popular trading strategies, such as momentum or contrarian trading
Hedge fund technologies
Energy markets continue to attract hedge funds - but, as recent high profile losses have shown, operating in them is challenging. Having the right trading and risk management IT is essential. Stewart Eisenhart reports
The real value of stock
Collars involve the payment of a variable amount of stock, depending on an average stock price. In this article, Anthony Pavlovich uses the Black-Scholes framework to value these exotic derivatives and explore issues with hedging, as well as providing an…
The right of refusal
Traders have learned that giving away free financial options can be costly. However, free options can take many forms. Brett Humphreys and Tamara Weinert discuss the value of a risk management option that can easily be given away
Replication of flexi-swaps
Ingmar Evers and Farshid Jamshidian describe a relatively new product known as a flexi-swap and discuss its application in securitisation. A flexi-swap gives a counterparty an option to amortise the interest rate swap at an accelerated pace. They show…
Excess yields in bond hedging
Litterman & Scheinkman (1991) showed that the term structure of interest rates is reliablymodelled by an affine three-factor model using principal component analysis. Such a modelis inconsistent with no arbitrage. Here, Haim Reisman and Gady Zohar derive…
Crude protection
Oil producers are divided over the value of hedging oil prices. Are investorslooking for high returns and high risk, or more stable revenues? And how muchdoes hedging actually boost an oil producer’s value? By Joe Marsh
Using a square peg
Hedging load exposures is a complex issue, and plumping for hedging the expectedvolume is unlikely to be the best solution. Brett Humphreys and RahulGill showthat sometimes, the best hedge of a shaped position is an over-hedge
What’s a basket worth?
Peter Laurence and Tai-Ho Wang take a significant step in the valuation of basket options with positive and fixed weights. These model all index options, price, cap or equal weighted. Departing from the usual Black-Scholes framework, the authors provide…
What’s a basket worth?
Peter Laurence and Tai-Ho Wang take a significant step in the valuation of basket options with positive and fixed weights. These model all index options, price, cap or equal weighted. Departing from the usual Black-Scholes framework, the authors provide…
All your hedges in one basket
Leif Andersen, Jakob Sidenius and Susanta Basu present new techniques for single-tranche CDO sensitivity and hedge ratio calculations. Using factorisation of the copula correlation matrix, discretisation of the conditional loss distribution followed by a…
To store or not to store
Natural Gas
Isda and Liba protest against CAD3 divergences from Basel II
The International Swaps and Derivatives Association (Isda) and the London Investment Banking Association (Liba) have released their joint response to the European Union's third capital adequacy directive (CAD3). The response was delivered at non-public…
Opportunity knocks for smelters
Aluminium manufacturers have long used sophisticated hedging and risk management techniques to protect against fluctuating metal prices, yet they have only recently looked at transferring these skills to power risk management. David Wilson reports
US retreat hits European trading
The retreat of US energy firms from energy trading has reportedly hit European volumes hard. But volumes aside, James Ockenden finds that the withdrawal may bring a fundamental change in the market. With additional reporting by Eurof Thomas
Playing a waiting game
With energy – and particularly natural gas – costs on the rise, are end-users finally coming to terms with the importance of hedging or are they still waiting to get burned before they enter the hedging market? Kevin Foster reports
Copula vulnerability
Counterparty credit risk
Substitute hedging
Derivatives on assets that are difficult to trade are of growing importance. Pricing suchderivatives requires the use of utility theory and proxy assets for hedging. Here, VickyHenderson and David Hobson review the theory and discuss several topical…
Himalaya options
Nothing epitomises the challenges of complex equity derivatives better than the so-called ‘mountain range’ products. In the second article looking at the challenges of this market, Marcus Overhaus analyses a particular product, the Himalayan option,…