Variance

Between volatility and variance

Banks and investors were hammered on short single-stock variance positions during the financial crisis, leading many dealers to withdraw from the variance swap market. The alternative that some have reverted to is the volatility swap, although this has…

A true test for value-at-risk

The three classic approaches for measuring portfolio value-at-risk do not compare like with like, argues Richard Sage. Here he presents a test portfolio to highlight the differences between calculation methods