Technical paper/Regulation
Economic capital – how much do you really need?
Economic capital is becoming the language of risk. While market, credit and operational risk have different determinants and use different methodologies, the levels of risk can all be summarised in a common dimension – the amount of economic capital…
Understanding the expected loss debate
The final draft of the new global Accord on bank regulatory capital – Basel II – has been delayed. A critical and unresolved issue is whether banks should include expected losses in their measure of credit risk. The IMF's Paul Kupiec reports on efforts…
Benchmarking asset correlations
Basel II stipulates that the asset correlation to be used in calibration of obligor risk weights is 20%. Here, Alfred Hamerle, Thilo Liebig and Daniel Rösch use a parametric model to empirically obtain asset correlations from a large database of…
Operational and market risks of a regulated power utility
Victor Dvortsov and Ken Dragoon present an analytical method for including market and operational risks when estimating utility portfolio value-at-risk
Creating an op risk loss-collection framework
To meet the Basel II advanced measurement requirements and improve op risk management, firms must establish robust loss databases. Ulrich Anders and Jürgen Platz of Dresdner Bank in Frankfurt outline such a framework.
Correlation stress testing for value-at-risk
The correlation matrix is of vital importance for value-at-risk (VAR) modelsin the financial industry. Risk managers are often interested in stressing a subsetof market factors within large-scale risk systems containing hundreds ofmarket variables…
Both sides of the fence: a statistical and regulatory view of electricity risk
Ernst Eberlein and Gerhard Stahl analyse price series of 25 energy spot rates simultaneously using Lévy models. This model class allows the capture of stochastic behaviour of these financial instruments. The implications of this analysis will form the…
Valuing exploration and production projects
Lukens Energy Group’s Hugh Li sets out an option method for valuing exploration and production projects, using a practical example
Backwardation and contango change indicators for seasonal commodities
In the first part of this two-part article, Svetlana Borovkova introduced two indicators for detecting changes between backwardation and contango market states. Here, in the second part, she applies the indicators to seasonal commodities and introduces a…
Detecting market transitions: from backwardation to contango and back
Svetlana Borovkova looks at detecting market transitions between backwardation and contango states using the forward curve. In this first part of a two-part article, she introduces two change indicators, which she applies to oil futures prices. Next…
Applying modern portfolio theory to optimal gas purchasing
Yijun Du and Xiaorui Hu present a general framework for applying modern portfolio theory to optimal natural gas procurements. They show that successful natural gas procurement involves determining the optimal allocation between fixed-price and floating…
Exceptional operational risks: Three myths debunked
Are there common features among exceptional operational risks beyond their defining characteristics of rarity and severe consequences?
Project risk: improving Monte Carlo value-at-risk
Cashflows from projects and other structured deals can be as complicated as we are willing to allow, but the complexities of Monte Carlo project modelling need not complicate value-at-risk calculation. Here, Andrew Klinger imports least-squares valuation…
Advancing op risk management using Japanese banking experience
Junji Hiwatashi and Hiroshi Ashida of the Bank of Japan outline a practical framework for operational risk management, derived from research and experiences in Japan's financial community.
Asian basket spreads and other exotic averaging options
Giuseppe Castellacci and Michael Siclari of OpenLink introduce a class of exotic options that simultaneously generalises both Asian and basket options. They develop approximate analytic models for real-time pricing of complex instruments that average…
How to avoid overestimating capital charges for op risk
Pooling internal and external data is a central issue to estimating capital charges for operational risk. Here, Nicolas Baud, Antoine Frachot and Thierry Roncalli of Crédit Lyonnais discuss the methodology they have developed.
A decision model for selling park and loan services
The park and loan model is useful for gas storages and pipelines. The concept can be applied to many ‘when to sell’-type decisions. Here, Huagang ‘Hugh’ Li considers selling park and loan services as a financial and statistical decision on revenue and…
Op risk modelling for extremes
Part 2: Statistical methods In this second of two articles, Rodney Coleman, of Imperial College London, continues his demonstration of the uncertainty in measuring operational risk from small samples of loss data.
The front-month proxy hedge
The front-month proxy hedge is a correlation-based hedge that seeks to neutralise the aggregate sensitivity of a portfolio to a futures curve by converting the individual futures hedges into a single hedge with respect to only the front-month contract…
Weather option pricing with transaction costs
The weather derivatives market is becoming more liquid, and dynamic hedging of weather options with weather swaps is now possible, though limited by transaction costs. Here Stephen Jewson investigates the effect of such hedging on option pricing
A joint state-space model for spot and futures power
Portfolio-wide risk management requires a model that accounts correctly for correlations between the spot asset and various futures products. Kjetil Kåresen and Egil Husby discuss a joint multi-factor model for power spot and futures prices and show how…
Fallacies about the effects of market risk management systems
This paper takes another look at allegations that risk management systems have contributed to increased volatility in financial markets, with the particular example of the summer of 1998. The paper also provides new evidence on the potential effect of…